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Zhao F, Zhou Q, Cong Z, Hang K, Zou X, et al. Structural insights into multiplexed pharmacological actions of tirzepatide and peptide 20 at the GIP, GLP-1 or glucagon receptors. Nat Commun. 2022.

Sun B, Willard FS, Feng D, Alsina-Fernandez J, et al. Structural determinants of dual incretin receptor agonism by tirzepatide. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022.

Chavda VP, Ajabiya J, Teli D, Bojarska J, et al. Tirzepatide, a new era of dual-targeted treatment for diabetes and obesity: a mini-review. Molecules. 2022;27(13):4315.

Zou X, He Y, Gao Y, Wang J, Zhang JZH. Understanding the activation mechanism of GLP-1R/GIPR by dual agonist Tirzepatide via molecular dynamics and protein-peptide binding. Int J Biol Macromol. 2025.

Wang J, Berglund MR, Braden T, Embry MC, et al. Mechanistic study of diketopiperazine formation during solid-phase peptide synthesis of tirzepatide. ACS Omega. 2022.

Hitaka K, Sugawara T, Matsumoto M, et al. Efficacy of GLP-1 analog peptides, semaglutide, tirzepatide, and retatrutide on MC4R deficient obesity and their comparison: Animal Models. Int J Obes (Lond). 2026.

Li W, Zhou Q, Cong Z, Yuan Q, Li W, Zhao F, Xu HE. Structural insights into the triple agonism at GLP-1R, GIPR and GCGR manifested by retatrutide. Cell Discov. 2024.

Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, Wu Q, et al. Triple–hormone-receptor agonist retatrutide for obesity—a phase 2 trial. N Engl J Med. 2023.

Coskun T, Wu Q, Schloot NC, Haupt A, et al. Effects of retatrutide on body composition in people with type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a phase 2, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. 2025.

Abdrabou Abouelmagd A, Abdelrehim AM, et al. Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a novel GLP-1, GIP, and glucagon receptor agonist for obesity treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Baylor Univ Med Center Proc. 2025.

Esposito S, Deventer K, Goeman J, et al. Synthesis and characterization of the N‐terminal acetylated 17‐23 fragment of thymosin beta 4 identified in TB‐500, a product suspected to possess doping potential. Drug Test Anal. 2012;4(6):441-449.

Ho ENM, Kwok WH, Lau MY, Wong ASY, et al. Doping control analysis of TB-500, a synthetic version of an active region of thymosin β4, in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A. 2012;1256:145-153.

Rahaman KA, Muresan AR, Min H, Son J, et al. Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by high-resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B. 2024;1220:123456.

Loss F. TB-500 and Thymosin Beta-4: A 2026 UK Research Review of Mechanism, Actin Biology and the Regenerative Peptide Evidence Base. Peptides Lab UK. 2026.

Park JR, Lee H, Kim SI, Yang SR, et al. The tri-peptide GHK-Cu complex ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice. Oncotarget. 2016;7(9):5295439.

Pickart L, Margolina A. Regenerative and protective actions of the GHK-Cu peptide in the light of the new gene data. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(7):1987.

Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. The human tripeptide GHK‐Cu in prevention of oxidative stress and degenerative conditions of aging: implications for cognitive health. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012;2012:324832.

Lu W, Kang S, Liu S, Wang Y, Wang H. GHK-Cu as a multifunctional copper peptide: synthesis routes, process engineering and emerging applications. Syst Microbiol Biomanufact. 2026;6(3):447-459.

Dymek M, Olechowska K, Hąc-Wydro K, Sikora E. Liposomes as carriers of GHK-Cu tripeptide for cosmetic application. Pharmaceutics. 2023;15(10):2485.

Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. Brain-gut axis and pentadecapeptide BPC 157: Theoretical and practical implications. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(8):838-847.